Supplementary information on evaporation kinetics
نویسندگان
چکیده
Although evaporation of solvent from a clean surface can be understood qualitatively in terms of spinodal dewetting or nucleation and growth, the detailed dynamics resulting from these mechanisms are not necessarily simple. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous limits kinetic feedback can generate nonexponential decay of solvent density with several characteristic time scales. For homogeneous evaporation a mean field description captures this behavior. (For the purposes of this discussion, we neglect the influence of nanoparticles, since their spatial distribution is significantly nonuniform only during later stages of drying.) Here, the rate at which a lattice cell occupied by solvent converts to vapor depends only on mean density, , where denotes the instantaneous fraction of solvent-occupied cells. As solvent disappears, the favorable local interaction energy lost upon vaporization diminishes, accelerating evaporation. Eventually, however, the dearth of occupied cells slows the rate of drying. Fig. 1(a) shows an example of these kinetics drawn from our simulations of self-assembly. A more complicated description is required when evaporation is instead driven by nucleation and growth of vapor bubbles. Ignoring the coalescence of distinct bubbles, the rate at which
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